Summary Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal disorder common among women of reproductive age. Detailed clinical description Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal disorder common among women of reproductive age. Women affected by PCOS experience infrequent or longer menstrual periods or increased levels of androgens. Follicles (cysts) containing fluid appear in the ovaries.
Newborns in NICU Critically ill newborns are usually admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) departments. Because a critically ill newborn is often affected by a genetic disorder, trials have been made to measure the effectiveness and usefulness of rapid (or ultra-rapid) genetic testing in this special set of patients. Certain studies have also
What is FUO? FUO is acronym for Fever of Unknown Origin. FUO has been first defined by Petersdorf and Beeson in 1961 as a fever lasting more than 3 weeks, with a temperature over 38.3 °C on several occasions. FUO still represents a challlenge for Diagnostics in several clinical cases. Apart from infective, autoimmune and
Definition of Autism and Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) Autism is a neurodevelopmental disease, characterized by early childhood-onset impairments in communication and social interaction alongside restricted and repetitive behaviors and interests. In 2013, according to the criteria from the 5th version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V), the American Psychiatric Association has
Panel testing recommended at Breda Genetics for this condition: Pan272 – Genetic stroke syndromes (ACTA2, ACVRL1, ADA2, APP, COL3A1, COL4A1, CST3, ENG, EPHB4, FBN1, GDF2, GLA, GUCY1A3, HBB, HTRA1, ITM2B, NOTCH3, RASA1, RNF213, SMAD2, SMAD3, TGFB2, TGFB3, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TREX1, mtDNA) Summary Cerebral stroke is a major cause or morbity and moratility. In most cases,
Every person is a carrier of AR/XLR mutations Pathogenic mutations causing autosomal recessive (AR) and X-linked recessive (XLR) genetic diseases are rare, but each of us is a healthy carrier of at least 5 AR/XLR conditions, according to estimates. So, we are all potentially exposed to specific reproductive risks for rare disorders, although such risks
Summary Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are vascular malformations in the brain and spinal cord. They are formed by closely clustered, enlarged capillary channels (so called “caverns”) consituted by a single layer of endothelium, which is abnrormally thin. The vessels are filled with slow-moving or stagnant blood that is usually clotted or in a state of
Definition Deep intronic variants are those genetic variants falling more than 100bp away from the closest exon-intron boundary. Of course, like all other type of variants, deep intronic variants may be be pathogenic, but their pathogenicity is hard to be confirmed. They can be considered as the ‘dark side’ of the mutational spectrum of a
Definition In most cases, a pseudogene can be considered as the ancient extra copy of a preexisting protein-coding gene (called parental gene), that undergoes a process of pseudogenization by disruption to its sequence due to accumulation of deleterious mutations. The result is usually a ‘nonfunctional gene’ with high sequence homology with the parental gene.
Another hot question for Geneticists, Andrologists and Gynecologists: does Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) increase the risk for neurodevelopmental disorders in newborns? The common conception is that, especially when doing Intra-Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI), the natural barriers are skipped by the technology and abnormal germline cells (sperm or oocytes) that would be normally depleted, for instance
Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL): definition and causes Of all the clinically recognized pregnancies, about 15% end in a miscarriage, making this event one of the most common adverse events. Unfortunately, about 2-5% of couples take on recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). However, “Recurrent pregnancy loss” definition, which according to the European Society of Human Reproduction and
An epigenetic event Genomic imprinting, although very studied, has many dark sides, even among healthcare professionals. Here are 10 frequently asked questions with relative answers on this phenomenon. 1. What is genomic imprinting? Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic process that modifies the DNA molecule without changing its nucleotide sequence. Regulator mechanisms of imprinting are not
From parent to child Autosomal dominant inheritance happens when a genetic disorder is caused by a mutation in only one of the two copies of a gene (the paternal or the maternal one). In autosomal dominant inheritance, the disorder is transmitted from the parent to the offspring, but the parents can sometimes be clinically healthy
Only 37 genes Mitochondrial genome is contained in mitochondria, organelles responsible for cellular respiration. It is a small circular molecule present in a high number of copies. Mitochondrial genome has only 37 genes: 24 encode for transfer-RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA), while the other 13 genes are protein-coding. About 93% of mitochondrial DNA sequence
mtDNA mutations Genetic disorders with mitochondrial inheritance are those caused by mutations in the mitochondrial DNA. Mitochondrial DNA (often shorten to mtDNA) is contained in mitochondria, which are small organelles whose task is cellular respiration. An unknown number of chromosomes Mitochondrial DNA is made of many small circular double-stranded DNA molecules, called mitochondrial chromosomes (if
What’s the difference? Which is the difference between inherited, genetic and congenital disorders? We often hear about hereditary and/or genetic and/or congenital disorders. Unfortunately, these terms are often confused or, even worse, used interchangeably. A hereditary disorder is certainly genetic: indeed, it can be defined as a disease caused by a genetic mutation that has
Here are some frequently asked questions (and their answers) about mitochondrial inheritance. For a general introduction to the topic you can read Mitochondrial Inheritance and Mitochondrial Genome. 1. Is mitochondrial DNA exclusively of maternal origin? Mitochondrial DNA is of almost exclusively maternal origin, even if a very little amount, clinically irrelevant and without any implication
Two mutated alleles Autosomal recessive inheritance is defined as the manifestation of disease only when both the copies of a gene (maternal and paternal) are mutated. In other words, it is necessary that the final protein is quantitatively or qualitatively impaired in double dose. In autosomal recessive inheritance, parents are typically healthy carriers of a
Whole sequencing of human DNA Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) consists of the sequencing of the entire genome, i.e, of all the human DNA contained in the cell nucleus (about 3 billion nucleotides). With this technique, both coding and non-coding regions of the DNA are sequenced. As such, therefore, whole-genome sequencing includes whole-exome sequencing (i.e. of all coding
Does non-coding RNA exist? What do they need? How many types are known? lncRNA is an acronym of long non-coding RNA. lncRNAs, as well as miRNAs, siRNA, aRNA, piwiRNA and other types of RNA, belong to the group on non-coding RNAs (ncRNA). Although their action mechanisms remain poorly understood, their pivotal role in several biological
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